Development of an Academic Achievement Risk Assessment Scale for Undergraduates: Low, Medium and High Achievers

Authors

  • Tahira Jibeen Department of Humanities COMSATS Institute of Information and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Masha Asad Khan Foreman Christian College Lahore, Pakistan

https://doi.org/10.17583/remie.2016.1697

Keywords:


Downloads

Abstract

This research has developed The Academic Achievement Risk Assessment Scale [AARS], for identification of the factors which influence performance of undergraduate (448 students); studying at three universities of Lahore, Pakistan. An 18-item scale, with five distinct factors was developed which included lack of motivation, dysfunctional parental practices, parental involvement in drug abuse or antisocial activities, difficulty with peers, and language barrier. The results revealed differences among low, medium and high academic CGPA groups as all five risk factors were significantly related to the low achieving group. The study has implications for teachers, counselors, and policy makers in the field of learning

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Tahira Jibeen, Department of Humanities COMSATS Institute of Information and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

Assistant Professor

Department of Humanities

Masha Asad Khan, Foreman Christian College Lahore, Pakistan

Assistant Professor

Psychology Department

References

Afzal, H., Imran, A., Khan, M. A. & Kashif, H. (2010) A study of university students’

Google Scholar Crossref

motivation and its relationship with their academic performance. International Journal

Google Scholar Crossref

of Business and Management, 5(4), 80-88.

Google Scholar Crossref

Ainsworth, J. (2013). Sociology of Education: An A to Z guide. Sage. Retrieved from

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

http://www.amazon.com/Sociology-Education-A-Z-Guide/dp/1452205051

Google Scholar Crossref

Akram, M., & Khan, F. J. (2007). Public provision of education and government spending in

Google Scholar Crossref

Pakistan. Pide working papers. Pakistan Institute of development economics Islamabad.

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

Global Monitoring Report (2005). Education for All the Quality Imperative. UNESCO.

Google Scholar Crossref

Ali, N., Jusoff, K., Ali, S.,Mokhtar, N., Syafena, A., & Salamats, A.(2009). The factors

Google Scholar Crossref

influencing students’ performance at University Teknologi Mara Kedah, Malaysia.

Google Scholar Crossref

Management Science and Engineering, 3(4), 81-90.

Google Scholar Crossref

Anna, V.F., & Nattavudh, P. (2009). The socioeconomic gap in university dropouts.

Google Scholar Crossref

The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 9 (1), Retrieved from

Google Scholar Crossref

http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/26478/

Google Scholar Crossref

Aunola, K., Stattin, H., & Nurmi, J. E. (2000). Parenting styles and adolescents’ achievement

Google Scholar Crossref

strategies. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 205-222.

Google Scholar Crossref

Awan, R, N., Noureen, G., & Naz, A. (2011). A study of relationship between achievement

Google Scholar Crossref

motivation, self concept and achievement in English and Mathematics at secondary

Google Scholar Crossref

level. International Education Studies 4(3), 72-79. doi:10.5539/ies.v4n3p72

Google Scholar Crossref

Baker, J. A., Bridger, R., & Evans, K. (1998). Models of underachievement among gifted

Google Scholar Crossref

preadolescents: The role of personal, family, and school factors. Gifted Child Quarterly,

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

(1), 5–15.

Google Scholar Crossref

Barro, R., & Lee, J. (2010). A ne data set of educational attainment in the world, 1950-2010.

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

NBER Working Paper Series (no. 15902).Retrieved from

Google Scholar Crossref

http://www.nber.org/papers/w15902.

Google Scholar Crossref

Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various chi-square

Google Scholar Crossref

approximations. Journal of Royal Statistical Society, 16, 296-298.

Google Scholar Crossref

Bean, R, A., Bush, K, R., McKenry, P, C., & Wilson, S. M. (2003). The impact of parental

Google Scholar Crossref

support, behavioral control, and psychological control on the academic achievement and

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

self-esteem of African American and European American adolescents. Journal of

Google Scholar Crossref

Adolescent Research, 18 (5), 523-541.

Google Scholar Crossref

Buote, C.A. (2002). Relations of autonomy and relatedness to school functioning and

Google Scholar Crossref

psychological adjustment during adolescence. Dissertation Abstracts International

Google Scholar Crossref

Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 62 (1).

Google Scholar Crossref

Buddy, T. (2007). Negative effects of parental drinking. Parental drinking affects

Google Scholar Crossref

children's behavior. Retrieved from http://alcoholism.about.com/cs/tipsforparents/

Google Scholar Crossref

a/aa000725a.htm

Google Scholar Crossref

Buhs, E.S., & Ladd, G.W. (2001). Peer rejection as an antecedent of young children’s school

Google Scholar Crossref

adjustment: An examination of mediating processes. Developmental Psychology, 37,

Google Scholar Crossref

–560.

Google Scholar Crossref

Butler, F. A., & Castellon-Wellington, M. (2005). Students’ concurrent performance on tests of

Google Scholar Crossref

English language proficiency and academic achievement. The validity of administering

Google Scholar Crossref

large-scale content assessments to English language learners: An investigation from three

Google Scholar Crossref

perspectives (CSE Rep. no. 663, pp. 47–77). Los Angeles: University of California.

Google Scholar Crossref

Carlivati, J. (2001). Adolescent attachment, peer relationships, and school success: Predictor,

Google Scholar Crossref

mediator, and moderator relations. Distinguished Majors Thesis (pp. 1-64).

Google Scholar Crossref

University of Virginia.

Google Scholar Crossref

Casanova, P., Garcia-Linares, C., Torre, M. J., & Carpio, M, V. (2005). Influence of family and

Google Scholar Crossref

socio demographic variables on students with low academic achievement. Educational

Google Scholar Crossref

Psychology, 25 (4), 423–435.

Google Scholar Crossref

Chadda, R.K., & Deb, K.S. (2013). Indian family systems, collectivistic society and

Google Scholar Crossref

psychotherapy. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55 (2), 299–309.

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

Churchill,G. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs.

Google Scholar Crossref

Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64–73.

Google Scholar Crossref

Cohen, J. (2001). Parental nudging underscores the lesson that it's important for children to do

Google Scholar Crossref

well. Developmental Psychology, 32(8).

Google Scholar Crossref

Cronbach, L.J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests.

Google Scholar Crossref

Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.

Google Scholar Crossref

Dallaire, D, H., Ciccone, A., & Wilson, L. C. (2010). Teachers' experiences with and

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

expectations of children with incarcerated parents. Journal of Applied Developmental

Google Scholar Crossref

Psychology, 31(4), 281-290.

Google Scholar Crossref

Dannis, J. M.,Phiney, J.S.,& C huateco, L.I.(2005). The role of motivation, parental support, and

Google Scholar Crossref

peer support in the academic success of ethnic minority first- generation college

Google Scholar Crossref

students. Journal of College Student Development , 46(3), 223-236.

Google Scholar Crossref

Deberard, M, S., Spielmans,G, I., & Julka, D,L . (2004). Predictors of academic achievement

Google Scholar Crossref

and retention among college freshmen: A longitudinal study. Retrieved from http://www

Google Scholar Crossref

.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5006016936

Google Scholar Crossref

Dannis, J. M.,Phiney, J.S.,& Chuateco, L.I.(2005). The role of motivation, parental support, and

Google Scholar Crossref

peer support in the academic success of ethnic minority first- generation college

Google Scholar Crossref

students. Journal of College Students, 46(3), 223-236.

Google Scholar Crossref

Diaz, A. L. (2003). Personal, family and academic factors affecting low achievement in

Google Scholar Crossref

secondary school. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology and

Google Scholar Crossref

Psycho pedagogy, 1(1), 43-66.

Google Scholar Crossref

Downey, D. B., & Yuan, A. S. (2005). Sex differences in school performance during high

Google Scholar Crossref

school: Puzzling patterns and possible explanations. The Sociological Quarterly, 46,

Google Scholar Crossref

-321.

Google Scholar Crossref

Eamon, M. K. (2005). Social-demographic, school, neighborhood, and parenting influences on

Google Scholar Crossref

the academic achievement of Latino young adolescents. Journal of Youth and

Google Scholar Crossref

Adolescence, 34, (2), 163–174.

Google Scholar Crossref

Fass, M. E., & Tubman, J.G. (2002).The influence of parental and peer attachment on college

Google Scholar Crossref

students’ academic achievement. Psychology in the Schools, 39(5), 561-573.

Google Scholar Crossref

Fillmore, K. M. (1987). Prevalence, incidence, and chronicity of drinking patterns and problems

Google Scholar Crossref

among men as a function of age: a longitudinal and cohort analysis. British Journal of

Google Scholar Crossref

Addiction, 82, 77-83.

Google Scholar Crossref

Francis, D. J., & Rivera, M. O. (2007). Principles underlying English language proficiency tests

Google Scholar Crossref

and academic accountability for ELLs. In J. Abedi (Ed.), English language proficiency

Google Scholar Crossref

assessment in the nation: Current status and future practice (pp. 13–31). CA:

Google Scholar Crossref

University of California, Davis, School of Education.

Google Scholar Crossref

Gonzales-DeHass, A.R., Willems, P.P., & Holbein, M.F.D. (2005). Examining the relationship

Google Scholar Crossref

between parental involvement and student motivation. Educational Psychology Review,

Google Scholar Crossref

, 199-123.

Google Scholar Crossref

Hasnain, S., & Krantz, G. (2010). Assessing reasons for school/college dropout among

Google Scholar Crossref

young adults and implications for awareness about STDs and HIV/AIDS: Findings from a

Google Scholar Crossref

population-based study in Karachi, Pakistan. International Journal of Behavior Medicine,

Google Scholar Crossref

, 122-130.

Google Scholar Crossref

Hickman, G. P., Bartholomae, S., & McKenry, P. C. (2000). Influence of parenting styles on the

Google Scholar Crossref

adjustment and academic achievement of traditional college freshmen. Journal of College

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

Student Development, 41, 41–54.

Google Scholar Crossref

Jeynes, W. H. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relation of parental involvement to urban

Google Scholar Crossref

elementary school student academic achievement. Urban Education, 40, 237–269.

Google Scholar Crossref

Jessica M. Solis., Shadur, J, M., Burns, A, R., & Hussong, A.M. (2013). Understanding the

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

diverse needs of children whose parents abuse substance. Current Drug Abuse Review,

Google Scholar Crossref

(2), 135-147.

Google Scholar Crossref

Kaiser H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31-36.

Google Scholar Crossref

Kim, K., & Rohner, R. P. (2002). Parental warmth, control and involvement in schooling:

Google Scholar Crossref

Predicting academic achievement among Korean American adolescents. Journal of

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

Cross Cultural Psychology, 33, 127–140.

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

Kirby, D., & Sharpe, D. (2001). Stud attrition from Newfoundland and Labrador’s public

Google Scholar Crossref

college. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 47, 353-368.

Google Scholar Crossref

Kong, J., Powers, S., Starr, L., & Williams, N. (2012). Connecting English language learning

Google Scholar Crossref

and academic performance: A prediction study. Vancouver: Pearson.

Google Scholar Crossref

Kordi, A., & Baharudin,R. (2010). Parenting attitude and style and its effect on

Google Scholar Crossref

children’s school achievements. International Journal of Psychological Studies 2 (2),

Google Scholar Crossref

-222.

Google Scholar Crossref

Liem, G, A., Martin, A, J. (2011). Peer relationships and adolescents’ academic and non-

Google Scholar Crossref

academic outcomes: Same-sex and opposite-sex peer effects and the mediating role of

Google Scholar Crossref

school engagement. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81 (2), 183-206.

Google Scholar Crossref

Lisa, M, S., Marnie A. H., & Alicia H. N. (2011). Associations among peer relationships,

Google Scholar Crossref

Academic achievement, and persistence in College. Journal of College Student

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 12 (3), 319-337.

Google Scholar Crossref

Lufi, D., & Cohen, A. (2003). Persistence in higher education and its relationship to other

Google Scholar Crossref

personality variables. College Student Journal 37 (1), 50-59.

Google Scholar Crossref

Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research,

Google Scholar Crossref

(6), 382–385.

Google Scholar Crossref

Ma, X., & Xu, J. (2004). Determining the causal ordering between attitude toward

Google Scholar Crossref

Mathematics and achievement in Mathematics. American Journal of Education, 10(1),

Google Scholar Crossref

-280.

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

Mandara, J. (2006). The impact of family functioning on African American males’ academic

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

achievement: A review and clarification of the empirical literature. Teachers College

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

Record, 108(2), 206-223.

Google Scholar Crossref

Martin, A. T. (2012). Interpersonal relationship and student development: What outcomes peers,

Google Scholar Crossref

parent, and teachers do and do not impact. International conference on interpersonal

Google Scholar Crossref

relationships in education. Vancouver, Canada. Retrieved from

Google Scholar Crossref

http://fdp.elsw.usyd.edu.aa/users/amartin.

Google Scholar Crossref

Martin, A. J. (2009). Interpersonal relationships, motivation, engagement, and achievement:

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

Yields for theory, current issues, and educational practice. Review of Educational

Google Scholar Crossref

Research, 79, 327-365.

Google Scholar Crossref

Martin, A. J., & Dowson, M. (2009). Why interpersonal relationship are important. Review of

Google Scholar Crossref

Educational Research, 79, 327-365.

Google Scholar Crossref

McCoach, D.B., & Siegle, D. (2003a). Factors that differentiate underachieving

Google Scholar Crossref

gifted students from high-achieving gifted students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 47, 144–

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

McCoach, D. B., & Siegle, D. (2003b). The structure and function of academic

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

self-concept in gifted and general education samples. Roeper Review, 25,

Google Scholar Crossref

–65.

Google Scholar Crossref

McCoach, D. B., & Siegle, D. (2001). A comparison of high achievers’ and low achievers’

Google Scholar Crossref

attitudes, perceptions, and motivation. Academic Exchange Quarterly, 5(2), 71-76.

Google Scholar Crossref

Moss, E., & St.-Laurent, D. (2001). Attachment at school age and academic performance.

Google Scholar Crossref

Developmental Psychology, 37, 863–874.

Google Scholar Crossref

Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: MaGraw-Hill.

Google Scholar Crossref

Ogden, C, E. (2011). A comparison of student performance in single sex education and

Google Scholar Crossref

coeducational setting in urban middle schools. Retrieved from

Google Scholar Crossref

http://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd

Google Scholar Crossref

Oliverez, P. M. &, Tierney, W. G. (2005). Show us the money: Low-income students,

Google Scholar Crossref

families, and financial aid. Center for Higher Education Policy Analysis. Los Angeles,

Google Scholar Crossref

CA: University of Southern California.

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

Parker, C. E., Louie, J., & O’Dwyer, L. (2009). New measures of English language proficiency

Google Scholar Crossref

and their relationship to performance on large-scale content assessments (Issues &

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

Answers). Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs.

Google Scholar Crossref

Pearson, J., & Child, J. (2007). Across cultural comparison of parental and peer attachment styles among adult children from the United States, Puerto Rico, and India. WCA Conference, Brisbane.

Google Scholar Crossref

Peelo, M., & Wareham, T. (2002). Failing students in higher education. Philadelphia: Sreh and

Google Scholar Crossref

Open University Press.

Google Scholar Crossref

Porter, O. F. (1990).Undergraduate completion and persistence at four-year colleges and

Google Scholar Crossref

universities: Detailed findings. Washington, Dc: National Institute of Independent

Google Scholar Crossref

College and Universities.

Google Scholar Crossref

Rudy, D., & Grusec, J.E. (2006). Authoritarian parenting in individualist and

Google Scholar Crossref

collectivist groups: Associations with maternal emotion and cognition and

Google Scholar Crossref

children’s self-esteem. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 68-78.

Google Scholar Crossref

Rumberger, R, W. & Larson, K. A. (1998). Toward explaining differences in

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

educational achievement among Mexican American language-minority students.

Google Scholar Crossref

Sociology of Education, 71, 68-92.

Google Scholar Crossref

Sarwar, M., Bashir, M., Naemullah, M., & Khan, M., & Khan, M.S. (2009). Study-orientation

Google Scholar Crossref

of high and low academic achievers at secondary level in Pakistan. Educational

Google Scholar Crossref

Research and Review, 4 (4), 204-207.

Google Scholar Crossref

Shek, D. T. L, Lee, T. Y., & Chan, L. K (1998). Perceptions of parenting styles and parent–

Google Scholar Crossref

adolescent conflict in adolescents with low academic achievement in Hong Kong. Social

Google Scholar Crossref

Behaviour and Personality, 26, 89–98.

Google Scholar Crossref

Sinha, S. B. P., & Singh, A. E. (1998). Effect of parents affection and competence on the home

Google Scholar Crossref

adjustment of school students. Indian Psychological Review, 50 (2), 106-112.

Google Scholar Crossref

Solis, J, M., Shadur,J, M., Burns, A, R., & Hussong, A, M. (2012). Understanding the diverse

Google Scholar Crossref

needs of children whose parents abuse substances. Current Drug Abuse Review, 5(2),

Google Scholar Crossref

-147.

Google Scholar Crossref

Stewart, E. B. (2007). Individual and school structural effects on African American high school

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

students’ academic achievement. High School Journal, 91, 16–34.

Google Scholar Crossref

Tella, A. (2007). The impact of motivation on student’s academic achievement and

Google Scholar Crossref

and learning outcomes in Mathematics among secondary school students in Nigeria.

Google Scholar Crossref

Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 3(2), 149-156.

Google Scholar Crossref

Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

Review, 96, 506-52

Google Scholar Crossref

Turner, E. A., Chandler, M., & Heffer, R.W. (2009). The influence of parenting styles,

Google Scholar Crossref

achievement motivation, and self-efficacy on academic performance in college students.

Google Scholar Crossref

Journal of College Student Development, 50 (3), 337-346.

Google Scholar Crossref

Voss, K.E., Stem, D.E., Jr. & Fotopoulos, S. (2000). A comment on the relationship between

Google Scholar Crossref

coefficient alpha and scale characteristics. Marketing Letters, 11(2), 177-191.

Google Scholar Crossref

Google Scholar Crossref

Whitlock, J. L. (2006). Youth perceptions of life at school: Contextual correlates of school

Google Scholar Crossref

connectedness in adolescence. Applied Developmental Science, 10, 13–29.

Google Scholar Crossref

Winters, A. (2004). Influential factors of parental substance and alcohol abuse on children’s

Google Scholar Crossref

academic achievement. Retrieved from http://www.kon.org/urc/v6/winters.html

Google Scholar Crossref

Winters, A. (n. d). Influential factors of parental substance and alcohol abuse on children’s

Google Scholar Crossref

academic achievement. Retrieved from http://www.kon.org/urc/v6/winters.html

Google Scholar Crossref

Zeller, R. A., & Carmines, E.G. (1980). Measurement in the social sciences:

Google Scholar Crossref

The link between theory and data. NY: Cambridge University Pres.

Google Scholar Crossref

Downloads

Published

2016-02-14

Almetric

Dimensions

How to Cite

Jibeen, T., & Khan, M. A. (2016). Development of an Academic Achievement Risk Assessment Scale for Undergraduates: Low, Medium and High Achievers. Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research, 6(1), 23–50. https://doi.org/10.17583/remie.2016.1697

Issue

Section

Articles