Critical Analysis of Aggressive Masculinity and Protective Femininity in Adolescents and Young Adults
Keywords:
Type:
TextAbstract
Aggressive behaviors in the adolescent and young people is a matter of concern. Research has revealed a greater tendency towards violence in male, but the incidence of gender roles in the different types of violent behavior has also been explored. To analyze the empirical evidence on the influence of gender roles measured by BSRI, in the aggressive behavior of adolescents and young people. A systematic review has been carried out following the PRISMA guidelines of the empirical studies found in Academic Search, PsicInfo, ProQuest and Google Scholar, including 16 studies. The results are not entirely conclusive: some of the studies analyzed indicate a direct and positive relationship between violent behaviors with the masculine gender role, and protective value of femininity in aggressive behaviors. However, some other research find significant relations with high femininity and androgyny with some types of violent behavior. It is relevant that new research address this analysis.
Downloads
References
Akers, R.L. (1998). Social Learning and Social Structure: a General Theory of Crime and Deviance. Northeastern University Press
Google Scholar CrossrefAuster, C y Ohm, S.C. (2000). Masculinity and femininity in contemporary American society: a reevaluation using the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Sex Roles, 43(7/8), 499-528. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007119516728
Google Scholar CrossrefBakan, D. (1966) The duality of human existence. Rand McNally.
Google Scholar CrossrefBallester, R. y Gil, M. D. (2007). Cuestionario de Información, Actitudes y Comportamientos relacionados con la Salud (CIACS-I, II, III): Estudio psicométrico. Póster presentado al V World Congress of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, Barcelona.
Google Scholar CrossrefBandura, A (1986). The social formations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice Hall
Google Scholar CrossrefBandura, A. (1973). Aggression: a social learning analysis. Prentice Hall
Google Scholar CrossrefBaron, L., Straus, M y Jaffee, D. (1989) Legitimate violence, violent attitudes and rape. A test of the cultural spillover theory. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 528, 79-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb50853.x
Google Scholar CrossrefBass, A., y Darki, A. (2018). Survey of aggressiveness A. Bass and A. Darki. https://impsi.ru/testy/oprosnik-agressivnosti-a-bassa-i-a-darki/
Google Scholar CrossrefBem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(2), 155–162.
Google Scholar CrossrefBem, S. L. (1978). Bem Sex Role Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.
Google Scholar CrossrefBem, S.L. (1981) Gender Schema Theory: A cognitive Account of Sex Typing. Pyschological Review, 88(4), 354-364
Google Scholar CrossrefBem, S.L. (1976). Sex typing and androgyny: further explorations of the expressive domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psycholgy, 43(5), 1016-1023.
Google Scholar CrossrefBerkowitz, L. (1978). Whatever Happened to the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis? American Behavioral Scientist, 21(5), 691- 708. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276427802100505
Google Scholar CrossrefBernard, J. L., Bernard, S. L., y Bernard, M. L. (1985). Courtship Violence and Sex-Typing. Family Relations, 34(4), 573–576. https://doi.org/10.2307/584021
Google Scholar CrossrefBıçaksız, P. y Özkan, T. (2016). Developing the Impulsive Driver Behavior Scale. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 43, 339–356. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.09.005
Google Scholar CrossrefBjörkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K. y Österman, K. (1992). The Direct and Indirect Aggression Scales. Abo Akademi University. Department of Social Sciences.
Google Scholar CrossrefBjörkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K. y Österman, K.(1994): Sex differences in covert aggression among adults. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 27-33 https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1994)20:1<27::AID-AB2480200105>3.0.CO;2-Q
Google Scholar CrossrefBozkurt, V, Tartanoglu, S., y Dawes, G. (2015). Masculinity and Violence: sex roles and violence endorsement among university students. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 205, 254-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.09.072
Google Scholar CrossrefBuss, A. H., y Perry, M. P. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452
Google Scholar CrossrefCastro, Y., Carbonell, J.L., y Anestis, J.C. (2011). The influence of gender role on the prediction of antisocial behaviour and somatization. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 58(4), 409-416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764011406807
Google Scholar CrossrefCloninger, C. Reich, T. y Guze, S.B. (1975) The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission: II. Sex Differences in the Familial Transmission of Sociopathy (Antisocial Personality). British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.127.1.11
Google Scholar CrossrefCrick, N. R. y Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00900.x
Google Scholar CrossrefCrothers, L.M., Field, J.E. y Kolbert, J.B. (2005). Navigating Power, control and being nice: aggression in adolescent girls’ friendships. Journal of Counseling and Development, 83, 349-354. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005tb00354.x
Google Scholar CrossrefDeffenbacher, J. L., Oetting, E. R. y Lynch, R. S. (1994). Development of a driving anger scale. Psychological Reports, 74 (1), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.74.1.83
Google Scholar CrossrefDelgado Álvarez, C., Iraegui Torralba, A., Marquina Torres, L., Martin Tabernero, M.F., Palacios Vicario, B., Plaza Sánchez, J.F., Sendín Melguizo, P.P., Pérez Grande, M.D., Revuelta Domínguez, F.I., Sánchez Gómez, M.C. (2007). Patrones de masculinidad y feminidad asociados al ciclo de la violencia de género. Revista de Investigación Educativa, 25(1), 187-217.
Google Scholar CrossrefDeniz, P., Lajunen, T., Ozkan, T. y Gaygisiz, E. (2021). Masculinity, feminity and angry drivers: masculinity and feminity as moderator between driver anger and anger expression style among young drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 161, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106347
Google Scholar CrossrefDerogatis, L.R. (1994). SCL-90R: Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual. National Computer Systems.
Google Scholar CrossrefDickman, S. J. (1990). Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: personality and cognitive correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.95
Google Scholar CrossrefDokmen, Z. (1999) Psychometric properties of Bem Gender Role Inventory Feminity and Masculinity Scales Turkish form. Journal of Crisis, 7 (1), 27-40
Google Scholar CrossrefEagly, A.H. y steffen,V.J. (1986). Gender and aggressive behavior: a meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychological Bulletin, 100(3), 309-330. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.309
Google Scholar CrossrefEsiyok, B. Yasak, Y. y Korkusuz, I. (2007) Trafikte öfke ifadesi: Sürücü Öfke Ïfadesi Envanteri’nin geçerlik ve güvenilirligi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18(3), 231-243.
Google Scholar CrossrefFernández, J. Quiroga, M.A., Olmo, I. y Rodríguez, A. (2007). Escalas de masculinidad y feminidad: estado actual de la cuestión. Psicothema, 19(3), 357-365
Google Scholar CrossrefFirst, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer R. L., Williams, J.B.W. y Benjamin, L.S. (1997) User’s Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders: SCID-II. American Psychiatric Press.
Google Scholar CrossrefFrieze, I.H. Y Li, M.Y. (2010). Gender, aggression, and prosocial behavior. En J.C. Chrisler y D.R McCreary (Eds). Handbook of gender research in psychology (p. 311-335). Springer.
Google Scholar CrossrefGaraigordobil, M y Maganto, C. (2016). Conducta antisocial en adolescentes y jóvenes: prevalencia en el País Vasco y diferencias en función de variables socio-demográficas. Acción Psicológica, 13(2), 57-68. http://doi.org/10.5944/ap.13.2.17826
Google Scholar CrossrefGarcía-Mina Freire, A. (2004). Adaptación española del Inventario de Rol Sexual. Miscelanea Comillas, 62(121), 347-417.
Google Scholar CrossrefGiménez García, C., Ballester Arnal, R. Gil Llario, M.D., Castro Calvo, J. y Díaz Rodríguez, I. (2014) Roles de género y agresividad en la adolescencia. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 2(1), 373-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v2.452
Google Scholar CrossrefGini, G. y Pozzoli, T. (2006). The role of masculinity in children´s bullying. Sex Roles, 54, 585-588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9015-1
Google Scholar CrossrefIsik, R. y Ugurlu, N. (2009). Developing the scales of attitudes towards violence against women in the name of honor and honor with student sampling. Turkish Psychology Articles, 12(24), 16-24.
Google Scholar CrossrefKimmel, M. (2004). Masculinities, in M. Kimmel y A. Aronson (Eds). Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural and Historical Encyclopedia. Abc-clio Publications.
Google Scholar CrossrefKimmell, M.S. y Mahler, M. (2003) Adolescent masculinity, homophobia and violence: random school shootings, 1982-2001. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(10), 1349-1458. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764203046010010.
Google Scholar CrossrefLi, MC. (1981) The construction of sex trait inventory and the comparisons of four sex trait categories on achievement motive and attitudes toward marriage, career, and sex. Acta Psychologica Taiwanica, 23, 23-37.
Google Scholar CrossrefLópez-Sáez, M., Morales, J.F. (1995). Gender stereotypes in the Spanish population: Looking toward the future. In L. Amâncio y C. Nogueira (Eds.) Gender, management and science (pp. 151-168). Instituto de Educaçâo e Psicologia, Universidade do Minho.
Google Scholar CrossrefLoPresto, C.T. y Deluty, R.H. (2001) Consistency of aggressive, assertive and submissive behavior in male adolescent. The Journal of Social Psychology, 128(5), 619-632. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1988.9922916
Google Scholar CrossrefMa, H. K. (2005). The relation of gender-role classifications to the prosocial and antisocial behavior of chinese adolescents. The journal of Genetic Psychology, 166(2), 189-201 https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.166.2.189-202
Google Scholar CrossrefMalonda-Vidal, E., Samper-García, P., Llorca-Mestre, A., Muñoz-Navarro, R. y Mestre-Escrivá, V. (2021). Traditional masculinity and aggression in adolescence: its relationship with emotional processes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189802
Google Scholar CrossrefMoher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. y PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA Statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151, 264-269
Google Scholar CrossrefMorales, J.F., Yubero,S. y Larrañaga, E. (2016) Gender and Bullying: application of a three-factor model of gender stereotyping. Sex Roles, 74, 166-180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0463-3
Google Scholar CrossrefMoskvin, V.A. y Moskvina, N.V. (2020) Individual features of aggressiviness of young boxers, taking into account gender differences. European Science Review, 7-8, 30-33 http://doi.org/10.29013/ESR-20-7.8-30-33
Google Scholar CrossrefNavarro, R, Larrañaga, E. y Yubero, S. (2016) Gender identity, gender-typed personality traits and school bullying: Victims, bullies and bully-victims. Child Indicators Research, 9(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-015-9300-z
Google Scholar CrossrefNavarro, R., Larrañaga, E. y Yubero, S. (2011). Bullying-victimization problems and aggresive tendencies in Spanish secondary school students: the role of gender stereotypical traits. Social Psychology of Education, 14, 457-473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-011-9163-1
Google Scholar CrossrefÖzkan, T. y Lajunen, T. (2005). Why are there sex differences in risky driving? The relationship between sex and gender-role on aggressive driving, traffic offences, and accident involvement among young Turkish drivers. Aggressive Behavior, 31,547-558.
Google Scholar CrossrefÖztürk, I., Özkan, Ö. Y Öz, B. (2021). Investigating sex, masculinity and feminity in relation to impulsive driving and driving anger expression. Psychology and Behaviour, 8, 14-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.05.009
Google Scholar CrossrefPage, M.J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J.M., Akl, E.A., Brennan, S.E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J.M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M.M., Li, T., Loder, E.W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L.A., Stewart, L.A., Thomas, J., Tricco, A.C., Welch, V.A., Whiting, P. y Moher, D. (2021). Declaración PRISMA 2020: una guía actualizada para la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas. Revista Española de Cardiología, 74, (9), 790-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.06.06
Google Scholar CrossrefParsons, T y Bales, R.F.(1955) Family, socialization and interaction process. Free Press
Google Scholar CrossrefPelegrín Muñoz, A., Garcés de los Fayos Ruiz, E.J. y Cantón Chirivella, E. (2010). Estudio de conductas prosociales y antisociales: comparación entre niños y adolescentes que practican y no practican deporte. Información Psicológica, 99, 64-78
Google Scholar CrossrefPhillips, D.A. (2007). Punking and Bullying. Strategies in Middle School, High School, and Beyond. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(2), 158-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506295341
Google Scholar CrossrefPróspero, M. (2008). Effects of Masculinity, sex and control on different types of intimate partner violence perpetration. Journal of Family Violence, 23(7), 639–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-008-9186-3
Google Scholar CrossrefRaine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., y Liu, J. (2006). The Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 159-171. http://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20115
Google Scholar CrossrefReason J.T., Manstead A.S.R., Stradling, S., Baxter, J. y Campbell, K. (1990). Errors and violations on the roads. Ergonomics, 33, 1315-1332. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139008925335
Google Scholar CrossrefRey-Anacona, C.A. (2015) Variables asociadas a los malos tratos en el noviazgo en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. Acta colombiana de Psicología 18(1), 159-171. https://doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2015.18.1.15
Google Scholar CrossrefRigby, K. y Bagshaw, D. (2003) Prospects of adolescent students collaborating with teachers in addressing issues of bullying and conflict in schools. Educational Psychology, 23(5), 535-546. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341032000123787
Google Scholar CrossrefSánchez, A., Moreira, V., y Mirón, V. (2011). Sexo, género y agresión. Análisis de la relación en una muestra de universitarios. Boletín de Psicología, 101, 35-50
Google Scholar CrossrefSchöngut Grollmus, N. (2014). Violencia y masculinidad: una aproximación narrativa al problema de la violencia contra adolescentes varones. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 15 (1). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-15.1.1989
Google Scholar CrossrefSette-Galinari, L. y Rezende-Bazon, M. (2020) Tipologias en delinquência juvenil: uma revisao de literatura. Revista de Psicología, 38(2), 577-612. http://dx.doi.org/10.18800/psico.202002.009.
Google Scholar CrossrefSmith, S.C., Ellis, J.B. y Benson, T.A. (2001). Gender, Gender roles and attitudes towards violence: are vie points changing? Social Behavior and Personality, 29(1), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.1.43
Google Scholar CrossrefSpielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Consulting Psychologists Press.
Google Scholar CrossrefSpielberger, C. D. (1988) State-trait anger expression inventory. Pychological Assessment Resources.
Google Scholar CrossrefStraus, M.A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S. y Sugarman, D.B. (1996). The Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTSS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17, 283-316. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251396017003001
Google Scholar CrossrefTerman, L. y Miles, C.C. (1936). Sex and Personality: Studies in masculinity and feminity. McGraw- Hill.
Google Scholar CrossrefThompson, E. H. (1991). The maleness of violence in dating relationships: An appraisal of stereotypes. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 24(5-6), 261-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00288301
Google Scholar CrossrefVega, V. C. (2007). Adaptación Argentina de un inventario para medir identidad de rol degénero. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 39(3), 537-546.
Google Scholar CrossrefWalters, G. D. (2002). The relationship between masculinity, feminity, and criminal thinking in male and female offenders. Sex Roles,45(9/10), 677- 689. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014819926761
Google Scholar CrossrefWatson, D., Clark, L.A., y Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
Google Scholar CrossrefWeisbuch, M., Beal, D. y O’Neal, E.C. (1999). How masculine ought I be? Men’s masculinity and aggression. Sex Roles, 40(7/8), 583- 592. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018840130646
Google Scholar CrossrefWest, C. y Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing Gender. Gender and Society, 1, 125-181
Google Scholar CrossrefWorth, D. M., Matthews, P. A., & Coleman, W. R. (1990). Sex role, group affiliation, family background, and courtship violence in college students. Journal of College Student Development, 31(3), 250–254.
Google Scholar CrossrefWright, M. F. (2020). The role of technologies, behaviors, gender, and gender stereotype traits in adolescents’ cyber aggression. Journal of interpersonal violence, 35(7-8), 1719-1738. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517696858
Google Scholar CrossrefYilmaz, B., El, Ç. Y Aslan, E. (2022) The se-role of university students and their attitudes toward violence against women in the name of honor. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 31(4), 444-458 https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2021.1965060
Google Scholar CrossrefYoung, R y Sweeting, H. (2004). Adolescent bullying, relationships, psychological well-being, and gender atypical behavior: a gender diagnosticity approach. Sex Roles, 50(7-8), 525-537. http://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000023072.53886.86
Google Scholar CrossrefPublished
Almetric
Dimensions
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Eva M. Rubio-Guzmán, Miguel Urra-Canales
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles are published under Creative Commons copyright (CC BY). Authors hold the copyright and retain publishing rights without restrictions, but authors allow anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy articles as the original source is cited.
