Filipinos in the U.S.: Historical, Social, and Educational Experiences
https://doi.org/10.17583/hse.2016.2062
Keywords:
Downloads
Abstract
As the second largest Asian American group, Filipinos have had a long history in the United States, with unique historical, social, and educational experiences. The purpose of this article is to better understand current Filipino American communities and educational experiences by examining the historical context of their immigration. Based on an adapted model of incorporation and literature review, the article examines government policies, societal reception, co-ethnic communities, as well as other barriers and opportunities both before and after the Immigration Act of 1965. These additional barriers and opportunities, such as education, occupation, class status, language ability, settlement patterns and time of arrival influenced their acculturation into mainstream society. Their distinct immigration history is also complicated due to centuries of colonization by Spain and later the U.S. Pre-1965 immigrants in the U.S. had a harder time in general; post-1965 immigrants had better government and societal reception overall, but they still encountered difficulty throughout their immigration history. Pre-1965 Filipino communities were stronger often serving their economic, cultural and social needs, but have become more dispersed over time as Filipinos have become less reliant on their co-ethnic networks. Their English-speaking ability, educational backgrounds, and professional skills have helped them to navigate mainstream America. Despite their overall success, there is research showing mixed educational achievement levels across later generations. The Filipino community is steadily growing and more research and support are needed to understand why educational levels vary across Filipino American students. Historical contexts can provide a comprehensive lens to understand current educational issues.
Downloads
References
Agbayani-Siewert, P. (1994). Filipino American culture and family: Guidelines for practitioners. Families in Society, 75, 429???438.
Google Scholar CrossrefAgoncillo, T. A. (1990). History of the Filipino people ([8th ed.].). Quezon City: Garotech.
Google Scholar CrossrefBankston, C. L. (2006). Filipino Americans. In P. G. Min (Ed.), Asian Americans: Trends and issues (pp. 180???203). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
Google Scholar CrossrefBonus, R., & Maramba, D. C. (2013). Introduction: Filipino Americans as ???Others.??? In D. C. Maramba & R. Bonus (Eds.), The ???other??? students: Filipino Americans, education, and power (pp. xv ??? xxxviii). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, Inc.
Google Scholar CrossrefBuenavista, T. L., Jayakumar, U. M., & Misa-Escalante, K. (2009). Contextualizing Asian American education through critical race theory: An example of U.S. Pilipino college student experiences. New Directions for Institutional Research, 2009(142), 69???81. http://doi.org/10.1002/ir.297
Google Scholar CrossrefChan, S. (1991). Asian Americans: An interpretive history (Twayne Pub). Boston, MA.
Google Scholar CrossrefChan, S. (1992). Families with Pilipino roots. In E. W. Lynch & M. J. Hanson (Eds.), Developing Cross-Cultural Competence (pp. 259???300). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.
Google Scholar CrossrefChao, R., & Tseng, V. (2002). Parenting of Asians. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting: Volume 4 Social Conditions and Applied Parenting (Second, p. 59093). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Google Scholar CrossrefCimmarusti, R. A. (1992). Family preservation practice based on multisystems approach. Child Welfare, 71(3), 241???255.
Google Scholar CrossrefCordova, F., Cordova, D. L., & Acena, A. A. (1983). Filipinos, forgotten Asian Americans: A pictorial essay, 1764-circa-1963. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
Google Scholar CrossrefEng, S., Kanitkar, K., Cleveland, H. H., Herbert, R., Fischer, J., & Wiersma, J. D. (2008). School achievement differences among Chinese and Filipino American students: acculturation and the family. Educational Psychology, 28(5), 535???550.
Google Scholar CrossrefEspiritu, Y. L. (1993). Asian American panethnicity: Bridging institutions and identities. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Google Scholar CrossrefEspiritu, Y. L. (1996). Colonial oppression, labour importation, and group formation: Filipinos in the United States. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19(1), 29???48. http://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1996.9993897
Google Scholar CrossrefEspiritu, Y. L. (2003). Home bound Filipino American lives across cultures, communities, and countries (Vols. 1???1 online resource (xi, 1???271 pages)). Berkeley: University of California Press. Retrieved from EBSCOhost http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=90500
Google Scholar CrossrefEspiritu, Y. L., & Wolf, D. L. (2001). The paradox of assimilation: Children of Filipino immigrants in San Diego. In R. G. Rumbaut & A. Portes (Eds.), Ethnicities: Children of immigrant America (pp. 157???186). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Google Scholar CrossrefHoeffel, E. M., Rastogi, S., Kim, M. O., & Hasan, S. (2012). The Asian population: 2010 (No. March). U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-11.pdf
Google Scholar CrossrefKang, H.-K. (2012). Re-imagining citizenship, re-imagining social work: US immigration policies and social work practice in the era of AZ SB1070. Advances in Social Work, 13(3), 510???526.
Google Scholar CrossrefLai, E. Y. P., & Arguelles, D. (Eds.). (1998). The New Face of Asian Pacific America: Numbers, Diversity, and Change in the 21st Century (Paperback edition). San Francisco: UCLA Asian American Studies Center Press.
Google Scholar CrossrefLee, E. (2015). The Making of Asian America: A History. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Google Scholar CrossrefLee, S. J. (2006). Additional complexities: social class, ethnicity, generation, and gender in Asian American student experiences. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 9(1), 17???28. http://doi.org/10.1080/13613320500490630
Google Scholar CrossrefLi, W. (2009). Ethnoburb the new ethnic community in urban America (Vols. 1???1 online resource (xvii, 1???214 pages) : illustrations, 1???maps). Honolulu: University of Hawai???i Press. Retrieved from ebrary http://site.ebrary.com/id/10388468
Google Scholar CrossrefMatsouka, J. K., & Ryujin, D. H. (1991). Asian American immigrants: A comparison of the Chinese, Japanese, and Filipinos. J. Soc. & Soc. Welfare, 18, 123.
Google Scholar CrossrefMuseus, S. D., & Maramba, D. C. (2011). The impact of culture on Filipino American students??? sense of belonging. The Review of Higher Education, 34(2), 231???258.
Google Scholar CrossrefNadal, K. L. (2011). Filipino American psychology a handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (Vols. 1???1 online resource (xviii, 1???318 pages): illustrations). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Retrieved from 123Library http://www.123library.org/book_details/?id=16722
Google Scholar CrossrefNational Federation of Filipino American Associations. (2011). Retrieved from http://naffaausa.org/us-2010census-filipinos-in-the-u-s-increased-by-38-nevada-has-fastest-growing-population/.
Google Scholar CrossrefOgilvie, A. B. (2008). Filipino-American K-12 public school students: A national survey. Washington, DC: The National Federation of Filipino American Associations.
Google Scholar CrossrefOkamura, J. Y., & Agbayani, A. R. (1997). Pamantasan: Filipino American higher education. In M. P. P. Root (Ed.), Filipino Americans: Transformation and identity (pp. 183???197). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar CrossrefPaik, S. J., Kula, S. M., Saito, L. E., Rahman, Z., & Witenstein, M. A. (2014). Historical Perspectives on Diverse Asian American Communities: Immigration, Incorporation, and Education. Teachers College Record, 116(11).
Google Scholar CrossrefPak, Y. K., Maramba, D. C., & Hernandez, X. J. (2014). Asian Americans in Higher Education: Charting New Realities: AEHE Volume 40, Number 1. John Wiley & Sons.
Google Scholar CrossrefPew Research Center. (2013). The rise of Asian Americans. Retrieved from http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/06/19/the-rise-of-asian-americans/
Google Scholar CrossrefPortes, A., Fern??ndez-Kelly, P., & Haller, W. (2009). The adaptation of the immigrant second generation in America: Theoretical overview and recent evidence. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35(7), 1077???1104. http://doi.org/10.1080/13691830903006127.The
Google Scholar CrossrefPortes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (1990). Immigrant America: a portrait. Berkeley: University of California Press. Retrieved from Table of contents http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0709/89020444.html
Google Scholar CrossrefPortes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2001). Legacies: the story of the immigrant second generation. Berkeley: University of California Press. Retrieved from ebrary http://site.ebrary.com/id/10058840
Google Scholar CrossrefReeves, T. J., & Bennett, C. E. (2004). We the people: Asians in the United States (Vol. 17). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.m.advancingjustice-aajc.org/sites/aajc/files/censr-17_0.pdf
Google Scholar CrossrefReisch, M. (2008). From Melting Pot to Multiculturalism: The Impact of Racial and Ethnic Diversity on Social Work and Social Justice in the USA. British Journal of Social Work, 38(4), 788???804. http://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcn001
Google Scholar CrossrefSalvador, D. S., Omizo, M. M., & Kim, B. S. K. (1997). Bayanihan: Providing effective counseling strategies with children of Filipino ancestry. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 25(3), 201???209. http://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1997.tb00330.x
Google Scholar CrossrefSolorzano, D. G., & Villalpando, O. (1998). Critical race theory, marginality, and the experience of students of color in higher education. Sociology of Education: Emerging Perspectives, 211???224.
Google Scholar CrossrefTakaki, R. (1989). Dollar a day, dime a dance. In Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (pp. 315???354). New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Google Scholar CrossrefTakaki, R. (1998). Strangers From a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company.
Google Scholar CrossrefTerrazas, A., & Batalova, J. (2010). Filipino immigrants in the United States (pp. 4???4). Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved from http://www.adapttech.it/old/files/document/6505MPI_IMMIGRAZIONE.pdf
Google Scholar CrossrefU.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Summary files 1 through 4 tables. Available at American Factfinder: Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from http://factfinder2.census.gov. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau
Google Scholar CrossrefWolf, D. L. (1997). Family Secrets: Transnational Struggles among Children of Filipino Immigrants. Sociological Perspectives, 40(3), 457???482. http://doi.org/10.2307/1389452
Google Scholar CrossrefYang, P. Q. (2011). Asian immigration to the United States. Cambridge, UK ; Polity.
Google Scholar CrossrefZhou, M., & Bankston III, C. L. (1998). Straddling the gap: Bicultural conflicts and gender role changes. In Growing up American: How Vietnamese children adapt to life in the United States (pp. 160???184). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Google Scholar CrossrefZhou, M., & Xiong, Y. S. (2005). The multifaceted American experiences of the children of Asian immigrants: Lessons for segmented assimilation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(6), 1119???1152. http://doi.org/10.1080/01419870500224455
Google Scholar CrossrefDownloads
Published
Almetric
Dimensions
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All articles are published under Creative Commons copyright (CC BY). Authors hold the copyright and retain publishing rights without restrictions, but authors allow anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy articles as the original source is cited.
.