Digital inclusion of businesswomen and women entrepreneurs through social networks in the informal environment

Authors

https://doi.org/10.17583/generos.7146

Keywords:


Downloads

Abstract

With the diffusion of Web 2.0, opportunities for collaboration, participation and training in the professional environment have widened. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of family set-up on the use of social networks by entrepreneurial women and businesswomen.
Epistemologically, the study is based on the logical positivism and the hypothetical-deductive method. From a methodological point of view, this research is quantitative and presents a descriptive design.
The participants in the study are woman from Extremadura and Andalucia (Spain), 477 entrepreneurs and 126 businesswomen.
The forms of use of social networks by businesswomen and women entrepreneurs varies according to age-group. However, the age does not appear to have any impact on the places where social networks are used.
The results lead us to believe that, in order to attain equality in the domain of digital inclusion, it is necessary to set up formal digital training to increase their digital presence and participation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Prudencia Gutiérrez-Esteban, University of Extremadura

University Senior Lecturer, PhD in Education. Her research work and scientific production is characterized by contributions to the field of Gender and Education and ICT and Teacher Training, through the publication of scientific papers in indexed national and international journals and books and the participation in several research projects in national and European competitive public calls. It has a Teaching Period Recognized by ANECA (2008-2012), according to the subjects taught in Degree, Master and Doctorate in the area of Educational Technology, Teaching Methods and School Organization. In addition, she has coordinated teaching innovation projects in Higher Education funded by competitive public calls and coordinated and taught postgraduate and university teacher training courses.

Francisco de Paula Rodríguez-Miranda, University of Huelva.

Francisco P. Rodríguez-Miranda is Associate Professor at the Department of Pedagogy at the University of Huelva in Spain. His research interests are in the field of ICT leadership roles in schools, educational innovation, teacher training and integrated curriculum. He teaches “Educational Innovation”, "Curriculum" and “Educational Leadership” at the bachelors and masters of Educational Sciences. Is methodologically experienced in mixed method research.

Sixto Cubo-Delgado, University of Extremadura

Senior Lecturer in the Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education Knowledge Area of Educational Sciences Department at University of Extremadura (Spain).
He has held several positions of responsibility in academic management, among them Director of Educational Sciences Department and Director of Secretariat of New Technologies and Virtual Resources. He is currently Coordinator of the Education PhD Programme in Education at the University of Extremadura

María Lourdes Hernández-Rincón, University of Extremadura

Postgraduate Teaching Assistant in the Didactics and School Organization Area (Educational Sciences Department) at the University of Extremadura (Spain). She teaches in both Primary and Infant Education University Degrees and her research work concerns ICT in pre-service teachers’ education.

References

Alozie, N. O. & Akpan-Obong, P. (2017). The digital gender divide: Confronting obstacles to women's development in

Google Scholar Crossref

Africa. Development Policy Review, 35(2), 137-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12204

Google Scholar Crossref

Area, M. & Pessoa, T. (2012). From Solid to Liquid: New Literacies to the Cultural Changes of Web 2.0. Comunicar, 19(38), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.3916/C38-2012-02-01

Google Scholar Crossref

Bettio, F., Plantenga, J. & Smith, M. (Eds) (2013). Gender and the European labour market. Oxon, Routledge.

Google Scholar Crossref

Bosma, N. & Kelley, D. (2019). 2018/19 Global Report. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). http://www.gemconsortium.org/report/49480

Google Scholar Crossref

Cai, Z., Fan, X., & Du, J. (2017). Gender and attitudes toward technology use: A meta-analysis. Computers and Education, 105, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.11.003

Google Scholar Crossref

Caroleo, F. E., Ciociano, E., & Destefanis, S. (2017). Youth labour-market performance, institutions and VET systems: a cross-country analysis. Italian Economic Journal, 3(1), 39-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40797-016-0045-8

Google Scholar Crossref

Charles, M. & Bradley, K. (2009). Indulging our gendered selves? Sex segregation by field of study in 44 countries. American journal of sociology, 114(4), 924-976. https://doi.org/10.1086/595942

Google Scholar Crossref

Cheng, C-C. & Huang, K-H. (2016). Stereotypes and technology education: different perceptions of computer career among elementary school students. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 15(3), 271-283. http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1211237

Google Scholar Crossref

Cornwall, A. & Rivas, A. (2015). From ‘gender equality and ‘women’s empowerment’ to global justice: Reclaiming a transformative agenda for gender and development. Third World Quarterly, 36(2), 396-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1013341

Google Scholar Crossref

Cotton, S. R., Anderson, W. A. & Tufekci, Z. (2009). Old wine in a new technology, or a different type of digital divide?. New Media and Society, 11(7), 1163-1186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342056

Google Scholar Crossref

Crittenden, V. L., Crittenden, W. F. & Ajjan, H. (2019). Empowering women micro-entrepreneurs in emerging economies: The role of information communications technology. Journal of Business Research, 98, 191-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.045

Google Scholar Crossref

Cubo, S., Martin, B. & Ramos, J. L. (2011). Métodos de investigación y análisis de datos en Ciencias Sociales y de la Salud. Madrid, Ediciones Pirámide.

Google Scholar Crossref

Del Moral-Espín, L. & Pais, I. (2018). Feminization of labour, defeminization of time banks: Digital time banking and unpaid virtual work. International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, 14(1), 55-75. https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.14.1.55_1

Google Scholar Crossref

Dhalokia, R. R., Dhalokia, N. & Pedersen, B. (1994). Putting a Byte in the Gender Gap. American Demographics, 16, 20-21.

Google Scholar Crossref

Durán, M. A. (2010). Tiempo de vida y tiempo de trabajo. Bilbao, Fundación BBVA.

Google Scholar Crossref

Durndell, A. & Haag, Z. (2002). Computer self-efficacy, computer anxiety, attitudes towards the Internet and reported experience with the Internet, by gender, in an East European sample. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(5), 521-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00006-7

Google Scholar Crossref

English, R. & Johns, R. (Eds) (2016). Gender Considerations in Online Consumption Behavior and Internet Use. Hershey, IBI Global.

Google Scholar Crossref

Eurostat (2019). Harmonised unemployment rate by sex. Eurostat Database. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=teilm020&language=en

Google Scholar Crossref

Finn, K. (2017). Relational transitions, emotional decisions: new directions for theorising graduate employment. Journal of Education and Work, 30(19), 419-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2016.1239348

Google Scholar Crossref

Gobierno de España (2013). Agenda digital para España. http://www.agendadigital.gob.es/agenda-digital/Paginas/agenda-digital.aspx

Google Scholar Crossref

Gray, T. J., Gainous, J., & Wagner, K. M. (2017). Gender and the digital divide in Latinamerica. Social Science Quarterly, 98(1), 326-340. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12270

Google Scholar Crossref

Gutiérrez-Esteban, P. & Luengo-González, M. R. (2011). Transition to the labour market of women teachers at the University of Extremadura, Feministische Studien, 29(1), 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1515/fs-2011-0109

Google Scholar Crossref

Haraway, D. (1985). A Manifesto for Ciborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s. Socialist Review, 15(2), 65-108.

Google Scholar Crossref

Hargittai, E. (2015). Is bigger always better? Potential biases of big data derived from social network sites. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 659, 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716215570866

Google Scholar Crossref

Hatlevik, O. E., Throndsen, I., Loi, M., & Gudmundsdottir, G. B. (2018). Students’ ICT self-efficacy and computer and information literacy: Determinants and relationships. Computers and Education, 118, 107-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.11.011

Google Scholar Crossref

He, T. & Li, S. (2019). A comparative study of digital informal learning: The effects of digital competence and technology expectancy. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(4), 1744-1758. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12778

Google Scholar Crossref

Indrupati, J. & Henari, T. (2012). Entrepreneurial success, using online social networking: evaluation. Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 5(1), 47-62. https://doi.org/10.1108/17537981211225853

Google Scholar Crossref

Janssen, J., Stoyanov, S., Ferrari, A., Punie, Y, Pannekeet, K., & Sloep, P. (2013). Experts' views on digital competence: Commonalities and differences. Computers & Education, 68, 473-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.06.008

Google Scholar Crossref

Jiménez, R., Rebollo, Á., & García, R. (coords.) (2016). Aprendizaje con TIC para la inclusión digital. Las mujeres como tejedoras de las redes sociales. Madrid, Editorial Síntesis.

Google Scholar Crossref

Leach, L. & Turner, S. (2015). Computer users do gender: the co-production of gender and communications technology. Sage Open, 5(4), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015604693

Google Scholar Crossref

Lim, V. K. G. & Teo, T. S. H. (1996). Gender differences in occupational stress and coping strategies among IT personnel. Women in Management Review, 11(1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649429610109299

Google Scholar Crossref

Livingstone, S. & Helsper, E. (2007). Gradations in digital inclusion: children, young people and the digital divide. New Media & Society, 9(4), 671-696. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444807080335

Google Scholar Crossref

Martínez-Cantos, J. L. & Castaño, C. (2017). La brecha digital de género y la escasez de mujeres en las profesiones TIC. Panorama Social, 25, 49- 65.

Google Scholar Crossref

Martínez-García, J. S. (2007). Clase social, género y desigualdad de oportunidades educativas. Revista de Educación, 342, 287-306. http://hdl.handle.net/11162/68976

Google Scholar Crossref

Martínez-Pastor, J. I. (2017). Employability of higher education graduates in Spain: crisis and new challenges. Forum Sociológico, 31, 21-36. https://doi.org/10.4000/sociologico.1829

Google Scholar Crossref

Mercier, E. M., Barron, B., & O'Connor, K. M. (2006). Images of self and others as computer users: The role of gender and experience. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22(5), 335-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2006.00182.x

Google Scholar Crossref

Mumporeze, N. & Prieler, M. (2017). Gender digital divide in Rwanda: A qualitative analysis of socioeconomic factors. Telematics and Informatics, 34(7), 1285-1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.05.014

Google Scholar Crossref

Nurhaeni, I. D., Yuliarti, M. S., & Nugroho, R. A. (2017). Measuring gender diferences in Information system use: case study of e-government. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1746(1), 20068.1-20068.7. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4953993

Google Scholar Crossref

O’Neill, A., & O’Gorman, B. (2020). Academic support for female entrepreneurs: the positive lasting effects of learning networks”, in Smith, H. L., Etzkowitz, H., & Poulovassilis, A., Gender, Science and Innovation. New Perspectives. (pp. 146–167). Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing.

Google Scholar Crossref

Orser, B., Riding, A., & Li, Y. (2019). Technology adoption and gender-inclusive entrepreneurship education and training. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 11(3), 273-298. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-02-2019-0026

Google Scholar Crossref

Padilla-Carmona, M.T., Suarez-Ortega, M., & Sánchez-García, M. F. (2016). Digital inclusion of mature students: analysis of their attitudes and ICT competences. Revista Complutense de Educación, 27(3), 1229-1246. http://hdl.handle.net/11441/49756

Google Scholar Crossref

Pechtelidis, Y., Kosma, Y., & Chronaki, A. (2015). Between a rock and a hard place: women and computer technology. Gender and Education, 22(2), 164-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2015.1008421

Google Scholar Crossref

Peña-Legazkue, I., Guerrero, M., González-Pernía, J. L., and Montero, J. (2019). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Informe GEM España 2018-2019. Santander, Editorial de la Universidad de Cantabria. http://www.gem-spain.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GEM2018-2019.pdf

Google Scholar Crossref

Plant, S. (1997). Zeros and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture. London, Fourth Estate.

Google Scholar Crossref

Ragnedda, M. & Muschert, G.W. (Eds) (2013). The digital divide: The Internet and social inequality in international perspective. Oxford, Routledge.

Google Scholar Crossref

Rashid, A. T. (2016). Digital inclusion and social inequality: gender differences in ICT access and use in five developing countries. Gender, Technology & Development, 20(3), 306-332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971852416660651

Google Scholar Crossref

Rebollo, A., Vico, A. & García-Pérez, R. (2015). El aprendizaje de las mujeres de las redes sociales y su incidencia en la competencia digital. Prisma Social, 15, 122-146. http://hdl.handle.net/11441/43721

Google Scholar Crossref

Rebollo, M. & Vico, A. (2014). Perceived Social Support as a Factor of Rural Women’s Digital Inclusion in Online Social Networks. Comunicar, 21(43), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.3916/C43-2014-17

Google Scholar Crossref

Robinson, L., Cotten, S. R., Ono, H., Quan-Haase, A., Mesch, G., Chen, W., Schulz, J., Hale, T. M., & Stern, M.J. (2015). Digital inequalities and why they matter. Information Communication and Society, 18(5), 569-582. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1012532

Google Scholar Crossref

Spender, D. (1995). Nattering on the Net: Women, Power and Cyberspace. Melbourne, Spinifex.

Google Scholar Crossref

Suwana, F. &Lily (2017). Empowering Indonesian women through building digital media literacy. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 38(3), 212-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2016.10.004

Google Scholar Crossref

Tellhed, U., Backstrom, M., & Bjorklund, F. (2017). Will I fit in and do well? The importance of social belongingness and self-efficacy for explaining gender differences in interest in STEMa and HEED Majors. Sex Roles, 77(2), 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0694-y

Google Scholar Crossref

Thompson, R. (2019). Education, Inequality and Social Class: Expansion and Stratification in Educational Opportunity. London, Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315141749

Google Scholar Crossref

Tømte, C. & Hatlevik, O. E. (2011). Gender-differences in self-efficacy ICT related to various ICT-user profiles in Finland and Norway. How do self-efficacy, gender and ICT-user profiles relate to findings from PISA 2006. Computers and Education, 57(1), 1416-1424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.12.011

Google Scholar Crossref

Vial, V. & Richomme-Huet, K. (2017). Women entrepreneurs in France. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 30(1), 80-109. DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2017.081034

Google Scholar Crossref

Vitores, A. & Gil-Juárez, A. (2016). The trouble with “women in computing”: a critical examination of the deployment of research on the gender gap in computer science. Journal of Gender Studies, 25(6), 666-680. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2015.1087309

Google Scholar Crossref

Wasserman, I. M. & Richmond-Abbott, M. (2005). Gender and the internet: Causes of variation in access, level, and scope of use. Social Science Quarterly, 86(1), 252-270. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42956060

Google Scholar Crossref

Werner, A. & Lundberg, A. (2018). Gender jobs: Dilemmas of Gender Studies education and employability in Sweden. European Journal of Women's Studies, 25(1), 71-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506816671162

Google Scholar Crossref

World Economic Forum (WEF) (2018). Global Gender Gap Report 2018. Geneva, WEF. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2018.pdf

Google Scholar Crossref

Downloads

Published

2021-10-25

Almetric

Dimensions

How to Cite

Gutiérrez-Esteban, P., Rodríguez-Miranda, F. de P., Cubo-Delgado, S., & Hernández-Rincón, M. L. (2021). Digital inclusion of businesswomen and women entrepreneurs through social networks in the informal environment. Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.17583/generos.7146

Issue

Section

Articles